The failure of the European Radio Messaging System (ERMES) became a central plank in the argument for spectrum liberalisation. A 1990 Directive required member states to set aside the 169.4 to 169.8 MHz band to create a pan-European market for this second generation digital paging system but ERMES never took off, killed by the rapid rise of GSM and its SMS capabilities. By the time the ERMES Directive was repealed in 2005 the reserved spectrum was no longer being used in most European countries. (See <a href=http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/stn/spectrum/workshop_proceedings/Background_Papers_Final/Ewan%20Sutherland%20-%20_itu_spectrum_revised.pdf>Ewan Sutherland paper</a> p8-10)
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